![]() Despite assimilating elements of white culture, including Christianity, Tingle’s Choctaws maintain mystical connections to the land and its creatures. ![]() Tingle writes of cultures clashing, certainly, but hatred from nahullos (whites) like Hardwicke is counterbalanced by the goodwill of others like John Burleson, railroad stationmaster, and one-legged store clerk Maggie Johnston. But then, stoic, dignified Amafo says, "I will do this, speak friendly words to him and tip my hat to him, till one day he will turn away from me and they will see who is afraid." In quiet, often poetic language drawn from nature’s images and from Choctaw ethos, Tingle sketches Amafo, a marvelous character both wise and loving. That night, Choctaw people gather, both fearing attack and planning revenge. There, he’s viciously assaulted by town marshal Robert Hardwicke, who's in a drunken rage. Shortly thereafter, Amafo visits Spiro, a town nearby, with Rose and her little brother. ![]() Rose goes home to her parents and to beloved Pokoni and Amafo, her grandparents. Tingle’s story spans the months following the fire as experienced by Rose Goode, a student. ![]() At Skullyville settlement, New Hope Academy for Girls has been destroyed by fire. ) haunting novel, the Trail of Tears is a memory, but the Choctaw people of Oklahoma still confront prejudice and contempt. ![]() In Tingle’s ( How I Became a Ghost, 2013, etc. ![]()
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